مجله علوم پزشکی رازی
سال بیست و هشتم شماره 6 (پیاپی 208، شهریور 1400)

Myonectin is one of the newly known myokines that is secreted from skeletal muscle and is related to the metabolic status of the body, so that in starvation conditions, myonectin levels decrease and increase after receiving calories. Various studies have shown that there is a relationship between myonectin and metabolic variables such as insulin resistance (2). In previous studies, it has been reported that in sedentary people, myonectin levels decrease and exercise increases their myonectin levels. On the other hand, unlike obesity, exercise can increase myonectin (5). Exercise dramatically increases circulating expression and levels of myonectin to increase the uptake of fatty acids into cells (11). Given that myonectin has been discovered in recent years, there are still many ambiguities about this hormone and its function in the body and its changes in various conditions such as exercise and physical activity. Due to this issue, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of 8 weeks of high intensity interval swimming training on serum levels of myonectin and insulin resistance in postmenopausal women.

24 subjects (age 55.73 2 2.66 years, body mass index 26.72 ± 2.33 kg / m2) were selected as the sample size. Inclusion criteria include: having swim skills, lack of regular exercise in the last 6 months, no history of cardiovascular disease, blood, liver, respiratory, kidney, hormonal disorders, sleep disorders, smoking and no surgery Over the past year, there has been no history of taking specific medications and a ban on physical activity by the treating physician. Exclusion criteria also included absent for more than 2 sessions, illness of the subjects and dissatisfaction of the subject with continuing work and lack of cooperation. All stages of the research were informed to the subjects according to the 2013 Helsinki Declaration, and then the subjects completed the informed consent form and the necessary explanations were given regarding the confidentiality of their information. Subjects were randomly divided into control and experimental groups. Then, the necessary explanations were provided to each group about nutrition and the amount of sports activities. After that, the experimental group completed a questionnaire of readiness to participate in sports activities and were examined by a cardiologist to confirm their health for participating in sports activities. One week before the start of the training program, the subjects were introduced to how to do the research and the training program. Height and weight were measured. Metabolic indices of glucose, insulin at rest and blood sampling were measured in 12-10 hours of fasting (8 to 9 am) in two stages 48 hours before exercise and 72 hours after exercise. Subjects were asked to avoid doping exercise for 48 hours prior to sampling. Also, sampling was performed in the post-test at a specific time and similar to the pre-test. The training program included 8 weeks of high intensity interval swimming training that were performed in three sessions per week. These exercises were performed under the supervision of a swimming instructor and in the presence of lifeguards in the pool. Each swimming exercise session consisted of the following steps: A: Warm-up phase: The warm-up session included stretching and gentle swimming in the pool, which was performed for ten minutes. B: Specific training phase: This phase consisted of 30-second repetitions of fast swimming, with 2 minutes of active rest between repetitions. These repetitions were performed in weeks 1 and 2 as 6 repetitions, in weeks 3, 4 and 5 as 8 repetitions and in weeks 6, 7 and 8 as 10 repetitions. C) Cooling stage: At the end of each training session, stretching movements and gentle swimming were performed for ten minutes to cool down and return to the original state (16). During the study period, the subjects in the control group did not have any regular exercise. Participation in the research process was completely voluntary and subjects were allowed to leave the research at any time. Finally, the results of 12 people from each group were extracted. Data were analyzed using paired and independent t-test at a significance level of P 05 0.05.

8 weeks of high intensity interval swimming training increased myonectin, decreased insulin and insulin resistance (p ≤ 0.05). But it had no significant effect on glucose content. No serious illness or injury was reported during the study period and all stages of testing and assessment were performed in full. The results of the present study showed that eight weeks of high intensity interval swimming training significantly increased fasting mayonnaise (p ≤ 0.01). It was also observed that the amount of glucose, insulin and fasting insulin resistance decreased significantly after eight weeks of high intensity interval swimming training (p ≤ 0.01).

Increased myonectin levels during exercise can cause AMPK phosphorylation, which leads to increased GLUT4 utilization and increased glucose uptake and stimulation of free fatty acid oxidation (22). Therefore, increasing the secretion of myonectin as a result of muscle contraction during exercise can activate the energy production pathways required during contraction. In other words, myonectin plays a similar role to insulin. However, this increase in myonectin levels is delayed by 2 hours after glucose or lipid intake, in other words, myonectin stimulates the uptake of glucose or fatty acids with a delay (22). previous research has shown that exercise is an effective tool to improve the metabolic status of the body, especially in obese people, but the mechanism of this issue has always been in a state of ambiguity. In addition to aliquot alteration and its possible role in reducing insulin resistance, exercise is recognized as a very important factor in the uptake of blood glucose by muscles without the involvement of insulin, at which stage the mediating role of GLUT 4 is crucial. During exercise insulin receptors respond more appropriately to lower levels of insulin, which lowers blood sugar and ultimately prevents diabetes (27). It is consistent because it was observed that after 8 weeks of high intensity interval swimming training, insulin and glucose levels decreased. It seems that high intensity interval swimming training can be used to increase myonectin and also improve insulin resistance in overweight postmenopausal women. The results of the present study showed that in response to high intensity interval swimming training, an increase in myonectin was associated with a decrease in insulin resistance in overweight women. Further research is needed to elucidate the role of myonectin in improving insulin resistance.

A comprehensive understanding of culture and societies is not possible without understanding the importance of sport. We live in a world where sport has become an international phenomenon. Sport is in fact part of the social and cultural structure of societies. On the one hand, sport has always had the potential for change, as is evident in some of the world's poorest regions. In this regard, HSE in organizations refers to three categories of health, safety and environment, which due to their close relationship with each other are usually led and directed in a department and under a management or mindset. HSE strategic planning includes the framework or framework for implementing strategic thinking and guiding operations to achieve specific and planned results in HSE management; In other words, HSE strategic planning is an organized and systematic effort to make fundamental decisions and take the basic steps that shape the nature and direction of HSE activities with other units of the organization. The establishment of health, safety and environmental management system in organizations, companies and industries large and small in the world has always been done based on a series of guidelines that usually have a similar structure. In today 's highly competitive world, many companies have realized that they must make health, safety and environmental management an integral and essential part of their organization and value them as much as any other management in the organization. The ultimate goal in the health, safety and environmental management system is to protect individuals, society, property and the environment. Prevention of injuries and accidents, health, safety and environment in order to sustainable development and increase productivity by considering the health and safety of employees, customers, contractors and others requires the existence of the structure of health, safety and environmental management system. On the other hand, quality and effectiveness are vital factors in safety and environmental management system. In modern management, human resources are the main axis of sustainable development of system products. To achieve the industrial world and sustainable development, various methods must be considered, but without considering human resources, no process will move towards the desired results. Modern organizations in a competitive world, in addition to the desire to promote customer satisfaction, must be seriously safe. , The health and well-being of its employees and the protection of the environment. Obviously, according to the mentioned principles, this issue has been considered in national and international regulations (including Iranian regulations). Today, safety, health and environmental factors are a sensitive issue for employees. One of the key challenges for HSE is how to maintain the system over time according to the needs and expectations of stakeholders. Internal and external issues that may affect the HSE system have been addressed in the results of various studies. These issues have been addressed in a variety of areas, including planning, implementation, and remediation. Although developing countries may have comprehensive security laws, enforcement may be low due to lack of resources. The general argument today is that health and safety management must be integrated to create an interaction between the environment, equipment, systems, and methods, and the organization's staff. However, since there was no comprehensive research in the domestic research on the presentation of an integrated model of HSE management in the country's sports venues; Therefore, research in this regard is necessary and will eliminate the gap of existing studies in this field. Considering the increasing importance of HSE management and the need to study its effects and considering that few studies have been done in this field in Iran, therefore in the present study we intend to design an HSE management model in sports clubs and the model of research concept will be designed based on the paradigm model of the Strauss & Corbin Foundation data research.

The research method is a sequential and exploratory qualitative strategy based on the data theorizing method of the foundation with Strauss and Corbin approach, with open, central and selective coding of semi-structured interviews with the statistical population: professors, academics and club management experts. Sports officials, directors of the National Olympic Committee, and some deputies of the Ministry of Sports and Youth were experts in the field of HSE sports venues. By random and theoretical statistical sampling until the theoretical saturation was 25 people, during 5 rounds of Delphi interview, the theoretical consensus was obtained and the codings were analyzed. The research instrument was coded sheets according to the researcher's instructions, the validity of which was confirmed by the members of the Delphi group and its reliability was calculated by P-Scott criterion.

The results showed that the categories were identified in the form of 31 categories and 127 concept codes. Strategies (6 categories) at three levels: individual, intermediate and macro, contextual conditions (3 categories), intervening or mediating conditions (6 categories), and consequences (5 categories) at three levels: individual, intermediate and macro they got.

Based on the results of qualitative research based on Strauss and Corbin (2008) casting, the antecedents and outcomes of the development of HSE management model of sports clubs can be useful and practical. Despite the relative lack of research examining different forms of integrated model (HSE) in different sports venues and environments, the present study examines the importance of integrated model (HSE) in creating and developing the sports industry in the field of sports venues, which can be a value chain. Create in the field of sports venues. Stakeholders exploit values when they believe that integrated values (HSEs) outweigh costs and other compensatory activities, and that managers are confident of maintaining their capital and human assets in the country and are more confident in a dynamic sports environment. Enjoy. The results of the present study, due to the uniqueness of their subject in sports venues, require the use and application of these metrics and evaluate the performance of sports venue managers before and after the use of the metrics in the integrated model (HSE) in sports venues. It seems that the category of integrated model (HSE) in sports venues (based on the results of the present study) can have a suitable and practical place among the managers of sports venues in the dimensions of the present study. Therefore, correct, accurate and scientific planning and strategy for the development of an integrated model (HSE) in the country's sports facilities can be specifically introduced as the highest strength of managers in this field.

Infantile colic occurs in 5-25% of infants. The etiology of colic is generally unknown. Chronic and recurrent abdominal pain is one of the most common reasons for which infants are referred to specialized clinics. Infantile colic is defined as episodes of continuous crying for more than three hours per day and more than three days per week which lasts longer than three weeks. This excessive crying may cause short-time anxiety and depression in mother and increase level of stress and fatigue in both parents. Paroxysms of continuous crying is directly related with severe maternal psychological maladjustment, postpartum depression and early breast feeding cessation. It may also lead to frequent pediatric visits, maternal smoking, improper use of anti-reflux medications, child abuse such as shaken baby syndrome and requesting too much and often unnecessary laboratory tests which is four times more than normal condition. Less than 5% of infants suffering from excessive and inconsolable crying have some organic complications such as crystalluria, atopic dermatitis, bloody stool, history of hospitalization and antibiotic administration, constipation, gastroesophageal reflux disease, lactose intolerance, cow’s milk protein allergy, neonatal migraine and cerebrovascular coagulopathies. Maternal smoking may increase the risk of infantile colic. But it has been shown that type of feeding doesn’t have any significant impact on the incidence of colic. Birth complications may be related with infantile colic. Colic diagnosis is made by exclusion of more critical causes. Colic treatment is often non-interventional and it includes giving reassurance to parents and different soothing strategies such as using pacifier, swaddling the infant with bent legs, massaging with special oils and using special noise. It is not still clear if these measures are more effective than placebo. Yet there is no drug of choice for treatment of colic according to safety and efficacy. Crystalluria is also another benign common problem of infancy which is defined as presence of sediments in the urine and it may present with abdominal pain. It can be the side effect of antibiotic administration and may be ameliorated by water consumption. Many studies had been performed on infantile colic and its management, but there is no study to evaluate the effect of hydrotherapy on infantile colic or crystalluria. This study has been performed to evaluate the impact of hydrotherapy on infantile abdominal pain relief, due to its simplicity low cost and positive results in reduction of those mentioned pains.

This study is a double blind randomized clinical trial performed on 152 infants between two weeks and 4 months of age who referred to Ali-Asghar children hospital clinic because of infantile colic between 2017-18. The informed consent was obtained from the parents of each infant before participating in the study. 152 infants with colic, defined as episodes of continuous crying for more than three hours per day and more than three days per week which lasts longer than three weeks, were included in this study. they were visited monthly for three consecutive months. The exclusion criteria were lack of obedience or cooperation of parents in giving water to their infants and not referring their infants for further follow up. All 152 infants were randomized into two groups (intervention and control group). 50 infants were enrolled in control group who only received traditional colic treatment and 102 infants were enrolled in intervention group who received 20 cc/ kg/ day tepid boiled water. After laboratory studies it was shown that 38 infants from intervention group also had crystalluria, so these infants were considered as a special separate subgroup of intervention group for statistical analysis. Blood sodium tests were also requested during all three visits for intervention group, and none of them developed hyponatremia during the study period. Both groups (control and intervention) were matched according to their demographic parameters. Patients information was collected three times during this study in three consecutive visits with monthly intervals in special check lists which include information about: Infants gender, age, gestational age, birth weight, infants weight in each visits, type of feeding, pain intensity, atopic symptoms, bloody stool, result of urine culture, crystalluria, the amount of water intake and response to hydrotherapy. Level of response to treatment was categorized to 4 level, zero (0) means no pain, the level one (1) was considered as abdominal cramp, level two (2) was used for infants who were suffering colic pain during day or during night and level 3 for infants who had colic pain all day lung and round-the-clock. Then response to treatment was measured and compared between different groups. For statistical analysis we used Chi-Square test, Fisher exact test, ANOVA test and logistic regression to control confounders. The intervention group itself was divided into colic group (64 infants) and cristalluria group (38 infants) according to urine analysis. All of the infants in intervention group received water as it was mentioned before.

Statistical analysis showed that both control and intervention group were similar according to gender, birth weight, age, gestational age, weight per visit, absence or presence of atopic symptoms, type of feeding, bloody stool and age in first visit. At the second visit the Odds ratio of pain reduction was significantly higher in colic group than control group. But this difference was not statistically significant between cristalluria and control group.
At the third visit Odds ratio of pain relief in both colic and cristalluria group was significantly higher than control group (0.96 and 0.89 respectively). After hydrotherapy for one month, the number of infants who had no pain increased to 23 and with continuous treatment the number of pain-free infants reached 57. Also the number of infants suffering pain all day long in colic group decreases from 6 to 1. At the second month of hydrotherapy no infant experienced all day long pain in intervention group. The amount and the rate of pain reduction was also higher in intervention group. Symptoms intensity, History of hospitalization and antibiotic administration were three confounding variables which their effects were controlled using logistic regression. After controlling these parameters there was no significant difference in terms of these variables between two groups. These findings clearly showed that the rate of pain relief in the intervention group was much faster than control group and hydrotherapy was significantly effective in pain relief of colic and crystalluria (p value = 0.001)

Hydrotherapy is a very useful method for colic and crystalluria treatment.

STAT factors are a family of cytoplasmic proteins that are activated in response to cytokines, various growth factors as well as hormones. STAT proteins are activated by phosphorylation and then cleaved from the complex of homodimers or heterodimer receptors and transported from the cytoplasm to the nucleus, where they act by promoting specific genes that ultimately regulate gene expression. HNF is an important transcription factor that plays a very important role in the morphological and functional differentiation of the liver and also acts as a prominent factor in the differentiation of mature hepatoblasts. Studies show a significant role for HNF in liver development. It seems that intense intermittent exercise can reduce the rate of tumor progression by reducing the expression of some of the prognostic factors of angiogenesis, and an effective non-pharmacological method can be used to reduce tumor growth. According to the results of studies, limited studies have been performed on the effect of exercise with different intensities on the expression of HNF and STAT3. There is also no study that directly measures the effect of exercise on the expression of HNF and STAT3 in liver tissue. Therefore, the present study was conducted to answer this question: Is there a significant difference between the effect of three training methods with different intensities on HNF and STAT3 gene expression in the liver tissue of male Wistar rats?

The present study was approved by the ethics committee of Payame Noor University with the code IR.PNU.REC.1398.059. In terms of purpose, it is fundamental-applied, which was implemented experimentally. In the present study, 32 8-week-old male Wistar rats with an average weight of 237 ±33 g were purchased from the Pasteur Institute. After being transferred to the animal laboratory environment, these animals are housed in transparent polycarbonate cages in an environment with a temperature of 22 ± 1.4 °C, the humidity of 45 to 55%, four heads in each cage with free access to water and closed. Foods were maintained according to a 12-hour sleep-wake cycle. Animals were randomly divided into 5 groups: control group (Co) (8 heads), moderate intensity training (MIT) (8 heads), high-intensity training (HIT) (8 heads), and high-intensity interval training (HIIT) (8 heads) were divided.
The MIT protocol was performed in such a way that in the first week, 5 minutes of warm-up, 5 minutes of cooling, and 20 minutes of the main body of the exercise, including running at 65% VO2max at a speed of 20 m/min, was added to the training time every week. In the sixth week, the training time reached 37 minutes and remained constant until the end of the eighth. Also, the training speed was unchanged from the first week to the eighth week and was equal to 20 meters per minute. The HIT protocol in the first week included: 5 minutes of warm-up, 5 minutes of cooling, and 20 minutes of running training with 65% VO2max at a speed of 20 m/min and an increasing slope of the treadmill. The training time was increased every week, so that in the sixth week the training time reached 30 minutes and remained constant until the end of the eighth. On the other hand, the slope of the strip was 2% in the first and second weeks and 2% was added to the slope every 2 weeks to reach 8% in the seventh and eighth weeks. Also, the training speed from the first week to the eighth week was 20 meters per minute and was kept constant. The HIIT protocol also included 10 minutes of warm-up before the workout, in the first to fourth weeks including 3 intense intermittent runs with an intensity of 90 to 100% VO2max and a speed of 30 meters per minute in 4 minutes and 3 low-intensity intermittent runs. With 50 to 60% VO2max and at a speed of 20 meters per minute in 3 minutes. From the fifth to the eighth week, it also includes 4 intense intermittent runs with an intensity of 90 to 100% VO2max at a speed of 30 meters per minute in 4 minutes and 3 low-intensity intermittent runs with 50 to 60% VO2max at a speed of 20 meters per minute. It took 3 minutes. The main body time of the exercise was 28 minutes per repetition. Mice in the control group did not participate in any exercise program but were placed on a stationary treadmill for 10 to 15 minutes per session to adapt to the environment to create the same conditions. After in vitro analysis of the samples, descriptive statistics including standard mean and standard deviation and inferential statistics were used to quantitatively describe the data. First, the Shapirovilk test was used to determine the normality of data distribution, and the Leven test was used to determine the homogeneity of variance. Due to the normal distribution of data, parametric tests including one-way analysis of variance and Tukey's post hoc test were used at a significance level of p≥0.05.

The results of the Tukey post hoc test showed that there was no significant difference in STAT3 gene expression in the liver tissue of male Wistar rats between MIT and HIT groups compared to the HIIT group. There is a gap between the HIIT and control groups. The results also showed that there was a significant difference in the expression of the HNFα gene between MIT, HIT, and control groups compared to the HIIT group.

The results showed that intense intermittent training compared to other training intensities leads to a greater decrease in STAT3 gene expression and a further increase in HNFa expression, so the use of this training method is recommended in the development of liver tissue function.

Breast cancer is a complex genetic disease. All types of cancer at the cellular level are called genetic disorders, and the implication is that mutations in genes that control cell proliferation can cause cancer. Among the various types of cancer, breast cancer is the most common cancer and the deadliest malignancy among women and is one of the most important health concerns in the world. According to the statistics of the whole country in Iran, breast cancer is the most common cancer in women and every year, about 6160 new cases are found, of which 1063 die from this disease. Breast cancer in man is about 1% reported in women. breast cancer in men appears to be associated with disorders that increase estrogen. Factors influencing breast cancer include gender, age, race and ethnicity, family history, genetic factors, hormonal factors, childbirth, abortion, etc. Symptoms of breast cancer include deformity in the nipple. Discharge from the nipple, breast mass or tumor, changes in the skin of the breast, change in the size of the breast, etc. The increasing number of cancer patients, especially breast cancer in the world and in our country, has raised it as a health problem and has made combating it a health priority. The following common methods can be used to treat breast cancer according to the stage of the disease: Surgery, Radiotherapy, Chemotherapy, Hormone therapies, Gene Therapy, etc. Various factors are involved in the occurrence or even identification of the disease, including noncoding RNAs as diagnostic biomarkers and prognosis of cancer. MicroRNAs are a group of non-coding RNAs that are about 18-25 nucleotides in length and affect gene expression after transcription. Recent studies have shown very important roles in many biological functions of these RNAs, including their role in differentiation, evolution, metabolism, cancer-related processes and even in diseases such as diabetes and Alzheimer's. Cardiac, autism and fragile X Syndrome One of these factors is mir, and mir-96 is one of the MIRs that seems to be important in this disease. The igsf4 gene has also been investigated as a target gene in mir-96. The aim of this study was to investigate the changes in the expression of mir-96 and igsf4 gene in peripheral blood samples of peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMCs) of patients with breast cancer.

The present study is a case-control study, 30 blood samples of patients and 30 blood samples of healthy individuals of breast cancer patients were evaluated as controls. Taking into account the mentioned cases and after obtaining written consent and provided that the personal and confidential information of the patients remain confidential, a sample of the mentioned individuals was taken and the subjects entered the testing stage. After sampling, white cells should be isolated from the sample. The next step is to extract RNA, After RNA extraction, the next step is DNA synthesis. Next we have to do PCR for all the sections and genesAnd analysis them. In this study, real time-PCR method was used to study to changes of igsf4 gene expression and The relationship between the results of statistical analysis of data related to NFAT5 and miR-490 gene expression was investigated using SPSS software version 16. Significant level. Finally, statistical analysis of data with P ≤0.05.

the results showed an increase in the expression of mir-96 in patients with breast cancer, on the other hand, no significant changes in igsf4 gene expression were observed in these patients. Another goal of this experiment was the relationship between the expression level of mir-96 and igsf4 gene. From the results of these experiments, it can be concluded that there is a significant relationship between mir-96 and igsf4 gene in mononuclear cells. There is no peripheral blood in PBMC of patients with breast cancer.

According to the observation and results, it can be concluded that in patients with breast cancer, there is an increase in mir-96 and is directly related to this disease, but there was no significant relationship between mir-96 expression and igsf4 gene. This data has been reviewed with SPSS software. The studies are not final studies Due to the limitations of this experiment, it is suggested that in future experiments, this research be re-examined by considering other patients or more diverse patients, using other techniques. and it is suggested that they be reviewed, evaluated and re-studied in other ways as well.

In recent years, increasing attention has been paid to the role of endothelium in the development of cardiovascular disease. Endothelial dysfunction is now considered a major step in atherosclerosis (3). Vascular endothelial cells play a key role in maintaining cardiovascular homeostasis in health (7). Unlike other tissues and cells that are not affected by abnormal systemic glucose concentrations, vascular endothelium is highly sensitive to changes in blood sugar. Thus, vascular endothelium is probably the main target of hyperglycemic injury (5). Endothelial dysfunction and atherosclerosis are associated by several mechanisms (8). Flow-dependent vasodilation (FMD) refers to the dilation of an artery when blood flow increases in that artery (8). Endothelial function as a predictor of cardiovascular events is measured by measuring FMD in the brachial artery and is independently associated with adverse cardiac outcomes (8, 9). Exercise is a useful and inexpensive way to prevent and treat metabolic disorders such as type 2 diabetes, and according to previous studies, active lifestyle and exercise training can control glycemic and also reduce cardiovascular complications in these patient (1, 10). One of the most common methods in the training program for patients with type 2 diabetes is aerobic exercise; Due to its low cost and the possibility of performing these exercises in different places, it can be a widely used training method (11, 12). An activity in which a person is able to perform this activity for a long time and the dominant energy system in these activities is through the oxidative or aerobic system is called aerobic activity (13); In aerobic exercise, the intensity of exercise can be increased (14); It is also possible to adjust the running time or running distance in proportion to the increase in intensity of the training in a pyramid, to increase the ability to perform. Considering endothelial dysfunction in type 2 diabetes (4) and considering that endothelial dysfunction is a precursor to atherosclerosis (3), the use of effective treatment methods to improve endothelial function is of particular importance. Although much research has been done on the effect of aerobic exercise on endothelial function health, which is mainly evaluated by FMD (15), However, only a few studies have evaluated the effect of aerobic exercise specifically on endothelial function in type 2 diabetic patients (5, 16), which indicates the need for further research in this field. Since no specific study has been performed to investigate the effect of pyramidal aerobic exercise on vascular function in type 2 diabetes, the aim of the present study was to determine the effect of eight weeks of pyramid aerobic training on flow-dependent vasodilation in patients with type 2 diabetes.

In the present quasi-experimental study, 60 patients with type 2 diabetes were selected by randomly sampling method and divided into two training and control groups. Anthropometric characteristics as well as resting blood pressure, FMD and VO2max of the subjects were measured before the start of the study. 48 hours after the intervention period, the research variables were measured again. Exercise intervention in the present study consisted of eight weeks, 3 sessions per week and each training session included 45-60 minutes of pyramid aerobic training that was performed in three pyramidal intervals. The volume of each training interval, based on the intensity of training and the ability of the subjects, started from light intensity in the first interval and increased in each interval. The intensity of exercise was calculated according to the reserve heart rate of each individual and using the kavonen formula (11). Paired Samples t Test and Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) were used for statistical analysis. SPSS software version 26 and significance level (P ≤ 0.05) were used for statistical analysis.

After eight weeks of training, there were funded a significant decrease in systolic and diastolic blood pressure and a significant increase in FMD and VO2max compared to the pretest and control groups (P < 0.001).

The results showed that eight weeks of pyramidal aerobic exercise significantly reduced systolic and diastolic blood pressure and also significantly increased VO2max and FMD in the exercise group compared to the control group. Maiorana et al. (16), Chasland et al. (18), and Bailey et al. (19) also reported in their research that exercise increases FMD, which is consistent with the results of the present study. Vascular endothelial function is essential for maintaining healthy vessel wall and vasomotor control. These functions are due to the production of numerous autacoids, especially nitric oxide (NO) (20). Due to the fact that blood pressure is affected by the diameter of blood vessels, the reduction in systolic and diastolic blood pressure in the present study can be attributed to the improvement of vascular dilation. Mendes et al. also reported a significant reduction in systolic and diastolic blood pressure in patients with type 2 diabetes after a 9-month exercise program (24), which was consistent with the results of the present study. The results of Han et al.'s study showed that high blood pressure is associated with endothelial dysfunction and is among the potential risk factors for baseline FMD, (including old age, male gender, high systolic blood pressure, or higher hs-CRP levels) May increase blood pressure by decreasing FMD (17). According to the results of the present study, it can be said that one of the effective factors in reducing blood pressure in patients with type 2 diabetes is vascular adaptation after exercise and thus improving endothelial function. Also, along with the increase in FMD, a significant increase was observed in the VO2max of the subjects, which was in line with the results of the research of Wona et al. (25) and Cornelissen et al. (26). Higher dilatation levels due to flow indicate better vascular adaptation to aerobic exercise (28). Therefore, it can be said that the improvement of VO2max in the present study is the result of vascular adaptation and consequently increased blood flow due to improved endothelial function. According to the results, it can be suggested that this training system be used to improve athletic performance as well as reduce cardiovascular risk factors in patients with type 2 diabetes. Therefore, it can be said that the improvement of VO2max in the present study is the result of vascular adaptation and consequently increased blood flow due to improved endothelial function. According to the results, it can be suggested that the pyramidal aerobic training system be used to improve athletic performance as well as reduce cardiovascular risk factors in patients with type 2 diabetes.

Attention Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a developmental disorder in attention, impulse control, restlessness, and behavioral management. It is the result of major sensory, motor, or emotional neurological disorders and is one of the most common disorders. Neurobehavioral disorders in elementary school children have affected a large number of children in the world. This disorder is caused by the cessation of brain growth in the development of the central nerve. The most structural differences in these patients are in the prefrontal cortex, which is an area affecting executive functions. Executive functions are defined as the set of superior cognitive abilities that drive other cognitive activities and are the executive director of brain processing. This set includes components such as planning, flexibility, self-control, response inhibition and attention (including its selective aspect). Among these, selective attention refers to the process of rapid selection of more relevant stimuli than less relevant stimuli and also inhibition of irrelevant stimuli. Researchers believe that attention deficit disorder is the biggest problem for these children, and for this reason, parents and teachers complain that these children do not listen to other people's statements, do not concentrate, leave things unfinished, and are easily distracted. In general, selective attention has two main functions, which include the ability to change attention and search for connections and dependencies. This issue can play a decisive role in completing homework and learning process. The Stroop test is a common neuropsychological method used to assess executive functions, selective attention, and concentration. A variety of pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments are used to treat and reduce the symptoms of ADHD, among which pharmacotherapy is used as the first line of treatment for this disease. However, experts seek alternative therapies for three main reasons: side effects, the short-term effect of the drug on the user, and its focus only on the child's behavioral symptoms. Among the treatments that are used to treat this disorder, we can mention physical activity. However, due to the limitations of participating in physical activity, the study of the effect of training methods on the intensity, duration and different qualities of these patients has received more attention than researchers; The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of two acute physical activity protocols with different training qualities on the selective attention of children with attention deficit / hyperactivity disorder.

This research is quasi-experimental, is among the applied research and in it a pre-test-post-test design with a control group has been used. The statistical population of the study included all children aged 8 to 12 years with ADHD referred to Atieh Derakhshan Mental Psychology Clinic in Tehran. In order to select a sample from the statistical population and to diagnose the disorder in children referred, the Connors parent questionnaire and clinical interview were used. Finally, 24 children with combined ADHD were selected in a targeted and available manner that met the required conditions and were randomly divided into three groups of intense interval activity, cognitive physical activity and control group (8 each). Researcher-designed physical activity protocols were designed for both intense interval activity and cognitive physical activity and were first piloted on a smaller scale. In order to equalize the intensity of activities and control the conditions, the two factors of maximum heart rate and RPE were monitored and examined. Intensity for both activities was considered to be 90-80% of the maximum heart rate. Each protocol included a 15-minute program including 5 minutes of warm-up, 5 minutes of activity, and 5 minutes of cooling. Intense interval activity consisted of 5 exercise blocks and cognitive physical activity consisted of three exercise commands. The data were analyzed by dependent t-test to examine within-group changes and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was analyzed by SPSS 20 software to examine the differences between groups. Significance level was considered as less than 0.05.

The results showed a significant decrease in reaction time (P = 0.010) and error (P = 0.002) subtests in the intense interval activity group, which is the result of significant effect of this activity on selective attention in children with ADHD. But there was no significant difference in the groups of cognitive physical activity (P = 0.058) and control (P = 0.019). Also, a significant decrease in the time of interference was observed in the group of cognitive physical activity (P = 0.010), which also indicates the effect of this activity on facilitating the performance of these children. Regarding this subtest, no significant difference was observed in the groups of intense interval activity (P = 0.159) and control (P = 0.743). In the intergroup comparison, the results did not show a significant difference between the subtests in the research groups.

Overall, it was shown that participation in acute and short-term physical activity protocols compared to control conditions can have beneficial results on selective attention in children with ADHD, and it was also shown that physical activity in Quality of training and cognitive load are not the same, can also have different effects and results for these patients. If participation in intense interval activity with more emphasis on improving the selective attention factor and cognitive physical activity was associated with facilitating performance, these protocols can be considered as short-term activities before the child participates in the learning process; Of course, generalization of these results requires further studies in this area

Morality is the sum of temperaments. This technique can be explored in behavior, any activity and action that the living thing performs and involves overt and covert physical activities, physiological, emotional and mental activity, refers to the concept of sports behavior (4). In this regard, Ehsani (2012) has presented principles for behavior. This action is possible through the development of ethical codes (regulations), which can be the basis for encouraging the athlete in cases of moral behavior or legal action in cases of violation (5). A code is a statement that contains policies, principles, and regulations that guide behavior. Fortunately, the intensity of writing regulations has been increasing in the country, so that the sciences of nursing, medicine, counseling, etc. have all benefited from it. In sports science, we can refer to various researches such as Poursoltani et al. Regarding the ethics of faculty members (6). But the question is, what factors influence the drafting of a code of ethics? In this regard, various researches have been done, including Poursoltani et al. (2013) in the field of education and training, the indicators of group activity, honesty, conscientiousness, professional behavior, commitment and financial responsibility (8). It seems that one of the issues related to the development of a code of ethics is the psychological characteristics that have attracted the attention of many researchers. According to the World Health Organization, the health of individuals does not simply include a state of complete physical health; It also includes the dimensions of mental and social health, the ability to communicate appropriately and in harmony with others, change and modify the individual and social environment, and resolve conflicts and personal desires in a positive, just and appropriate way, which is a necessity of coaching (9). On the other hand, although various environments including competition environment, training environment and family environment have been reported for training and examining ethics and mental health in coaching, but because athletes spend most of their training and training time under the supervision of coaches, the environment Training and practice are considered important (2), although conflicting results have been reported.
Therefore, the researcher seeks to answer the question of whether family, exercise and psychological characteristics affect the moral system in sports or not?

The present study is a descriptive study that was conducted in the field using a questionnaire. To conduct this research, 20 people familiar with the research subject (activists in the field of sports ethics, university professors, actors in the development of culture and sports ethics) were selected as a sample by snowball method. Then, a researcher-made questionnaire including 30 questions in the form of three components of family, practice and psychological characteristics was distributed and collected among the sample. Finally, descriptive statistics, Kalmogorov-Smirnov test were used to examine the natural distribution of data and a one-sample t-test was used to analyze the data.

The results of the present study showed that family (p = 0.001), exercise (p = 0.004) and psychological characteristics (p = 0.034) have a significant effect on the development of ethics in sports ( Table 1).

The results showed that the family has an effect on the development of ethics in sports. Regarding the family environment and the ethical code in the field of sports and coaching, no research was found from the perspective of a researcher, which may indicate that this component is exploratory in the research. In general, sports coaches should be aware of the interaction between work and family, the coach should be able to lead the family and work environment and in his work path to act according to the standard conditions of the rules and make self-sacrifice and forgiveness his priority (15).
Another finding showed that training and training environment have an effect on the development of ethical rules in sports. The practice and training environment for basic educators has a great effect on the development of moral themes, and educators must act according to the standards of the training and education set and adhere to its frameworks (21). In the present study, it was found that psychological characteristics have a significant effect on the development of ethics in sports. Given the definition of ethics on the one hand and the relationship between ethics and psychological characteristics on the other hand, the findings of the present study seem logical.

One of the consequences of intense exercise is muscle injury, pain and muscle sorenes. Symptoms of muscle injury include the appearance of intramuscular proteins in the blood and long-term decline in muscle function, decrease in strength and power, flexibility and dynamic muscle speed (1). Muscle damage is associated with the release of creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase enzymes and can be measured by the release of these enzymes into the blood. Creatine kinase (CK) is a key enzyme involved in muscle cell metabolism that accelerates the conversion of creatine to phosphate or inverse. increase in this substance in the blood may be sign of muscle damage and inflammation (3). Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) is an enzyme that is found in large quantities in the cytoplasm of all body tissues at different concentrations and in the conversion of pyruvic acid to lactic acid or inverse in the anaerobic glycolysis pathway accelerates this reaction (3). studies have reported muscle damage by measuring CK and LDH levels during the interval between sets (4), high-intensity training (5), muscle contractions (6, 7), speed training (8) and aerobic training (9). On the other hand, exercise increases the concentration of lactate in the blood. It has been shown that nutritional interventions and the use of antioxidant supplements can be one of the best ways to protect against muscle damage caused by exercise (1). Creatine, an unnecessary dietary compound, can either come from exogenous sources such as fish or meat, or it can be produced endogenously by the body primarily in the liver. Creatine was produced by two-step process from the three amino acids arginine, glycine and methionine (15). In addition to creatine, the amino acid β-alanine is a newer supplement for those interested in professional sports. Beta-Alanine is a precursor of carnosine (β-alanine -histidine); Which can increase the concentration of carnosine in muscles (13,17). Studies have reported the benefits of beta-alanine supplementation in variety of laboratory protocols (19). Researchers are looking for ways to improve performance, prevent unwanted changes in muscle injury indexes, or at least minimize them. Therefore, the present study aims to investigate the effect of three weeks of β-alanine and creatine supplementation on the response of creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase and lactate to an exhausting swimming session in elite swimmers.

In this semi-experimental study, 21 elite boy swimmers 15 to 20 years were selected as sample and divided into three groups: 1) supplementation of beta-allanine (daily dose of 2 tablets 1500 mg))2), supplementation of creatine (4 and 2 servings of creatine monohydrate 5 g) (3) placebo (the amount of 2 capsules containing wheat flour). During supplementation, the subjects performed their daily workouts for three days a week (1.5 hours of swimming at distance of 1200 meters) (22). The exhausting exercise protocol was performed in three stages: warming, progressive and lactate tolerance training. Blood samples were collected before, immediately, 15 and 30 minutes after training. Data were analyzed by repeated measures ANOVA and Bonferroni post hoc test at the P<0.05. 

Three weeks the supplementation of β-alanine (P=0.007) and creatine (P=0.001) significant increase LDH levels in response to exhausting swimming session. No significant difference was observed in the CPK changes in the supplemented groups of beta-alanine, creatine and placebo. The use of creatine supplementation significantly decreases LDH in elite swimmers (P=0.02). Significant increase in lactate levels was observed after three weeks of supplementation of creatine in response to exhausting swimming session (P=0.001).

The findings of this study were consistent with the results of Previous research (23,25,26). According to previous studies, beta-alanine supplementation is responsible for the buffer system, carnosine, antioxidant role, enzymatic regulator and calcium control in the sarcoplasmic reticulum (13,17,19). Mechanism and pattern of changes (increase) of serum total creatine kinase enzyme following aerobic training is mainly due to leakage due to energy loss and instability or damage due to peroxidation of cell membrane phospholipids (30). decreased muscle strength and dysfunction due to decreased sarcoplasmic calcium is due to continued muscle contraction and intracellular calcium accumulation and its inability to return to sarcoplasmic cells (27). increasing muscle carnosine with positive effect on muscle cell calcium increases the function of muscle contraction protein and consequently, increases the efficiency of contractile motor units (13,17,19). Therefore, due to metabolic adaptations and increased buffering capacity which is caused by the consumption of beta alanine, no significant changes in creatine kinase enzyme were observed after beta-alanine consumption. Beta-alanine is one of the supplements that athletes use to increase performance and reduce fatigue (13). Beta-alanine supplementation affects aerobic and anaerobic capacity, increases exercise intensity, improves performance, increases carnosine and histidine, changes in hydrogen ion levels in blood and reduces fatigue (13). It seems that taking beta-alanine supplementation increases ability of athletes to exercise more intensely. In general, several factors such as the period and amount of supplementation before the activity, the size and speed of absorption of supplements during the activity, the diet of the subjects before and during the study and the training status of the participants and a combination of the above factors can affect the response of the muscle injury indicators. According to the results, it seems creatine have a greater effect on cell membrane consolidation, and the use of beta-allanine supplements, increases the individual's ability to perform a more intense exercise.

Mental health has been seriously considered by researchers as a public concern (1). Improving mental health indicators has been considered as one of the key indicators in the evaluations of countries (3). Improving the level of mental health causes societies to have proper development in the areas of behavior and attitude (6). In order to improve mental health, it is necessary to examine the factors affecting it. Although various studies have examined mental health and the factors affecting it, but this issue has not been studied in all organizations and environments. In other words, in order to improve mental health, this issue should be studied scientifically in all environments. The Technical and Vocational University, as an important and key university in developing skills and improving the practical capacities of the country, has a serious task in society. Improving mental health in a technical and vocational university can provide suitable conditions for the university to achieve its goals. Lack of knowledge of the factors affecting mental health in the technical and vocational university has caused that today, practical and executive processes regarding its improvement are not formed in this university. On the other hand, the lack of comprehensive research on the factors affecting the promotion of mental health in technical and vocational university centers has caused that today the necessary concerns for promoting mental health in technical and vocational university centers are not available. Therefore, the researcher seeks to answer the question, what are the factors affecting the promotion of mental health in technical and vocational university centers?

The present study was a mixed research and survey that was conducted in the field. To conduct this research, among scientific and executive experts in the field of educational management, higher education and higher education management by non-probabilistic sampling method, by purposeful selection and with maximum diversity or heterogeneity, 15 people were selected as sample. The interview was semi-structured and based on the results of the interview, a researcher-made questionnaire with 26 questions and 4 factors including managerial factors, job factors, social factors and individual factors were distributed and collected among them. Finally, descriptive statistics and structural equations were used to analyze the data.

The results showed that managerial, occupational, social and personal factors are the most important factors affecting the promotion of mental health in technical and vocational university centers. Also, the results of elongation and skewness showed that the data have an abnormal distribution. On the other hand, according to the level of t-relationships, it was found that all factors had a significant presence in the research model, among which individual factors are more effective than other factors in promoting mental health in technical and vocational university centers (Table 1). Another finding showed that considering that the optimal value of GOF index is higher than 0.36, it can be said that the value of this index is in a favorable condition in the existing factors (Table 2). Finally, it was found that the overall research model has a good fit (Table 3).

The results of the present study showed that in order to promote mental health in technical and vocational university centers, attention should be paid to managerial, occupational, personal and social factors. It seems that the functions of different fields in the formation of mental health and the impact of individual and non-individual aspects have caused in the present study to promote mental health in technical and vocational university centers, various factors including managerial, occupational, individual factors And be socially effective. This shows that focusing on individual aspects alone does not improve mental health. With this in mind, in order to improve mental health, serious attention should be paid to all managerial, occupational, personal and social aspects. The results showed that among the identified factors, individual factors had the most impact. It seems that individual issues such as proper nutrition, proper sleep, quality of work life, active lifestyle of individuals and the economic status of employees by influencing the mental states of employees can form the basis for mental health in them. In other words, individual factors provide the basis for the formation of positive mental states in people, which can play an important role in promoting mental health in technical and vocational university centers.

Idiopathic nephrotic syndrome (INS) is one of the most common kidney diseases in children.INS is classically defined by severe protein excretion (≥40 mg/m2/h or 1000 mg/m2/24h) that subsequently results in hypoalbuminemia (<25 g/L), hyperlipidemia and edema.Two histological subtypes of INS in children, are minimal change disease (MCD) and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS). Approximately 80–90% of children with INS achieve remission after four weeks of daily prednisone therapy at a dose of 60 mg/m2 per day and therefore, given the diagnosis of steroid sensitive nephrotic syndrome (SSNS). When biopsied, these patients are more likely to have MCD. Patients with SSNS tend to have an excellent overall prognosis, with <5% progressing to chronic kidney disease (CKD). The remaining 10–20% of patients have primary steroid resistant nephrotic syndrome (SRNS), are more likely to have FSGS on biopsy, and have up to a 50% risk of developing end stage renal disease (ESRD) within 5 years of diagnosis. Therefore response to corticosteroids correlate with the prognosis of the disease. Patients with nephrotic syndrome experience remission and relapse course. Remission is defined proteinuria <4 mg/m2/h or urinary protein/creatinine (mg/mg) ratio of <0.2 for children above age of 2 years or ratio less than 0.5 for children under the age of 2 years. Relapse is defined proteinuria ≥ 40 mg/m2/h or > 50mg/kg/day or urinary protein/creatinine (mg/mg) ratio of ≥2.0 after having been remission. In some cases of this disease specially steroid-resistant cases, to achieve a reliable diagnosis and determine the prognosis and select the most appropriate treatment, kidney biopsy is necessary. But this method is invasive and on the other hand, because the biopsy obtains only a small portion of the kidney that in some cases it may not accurately portray the disease if the affected portion of the kidney is not sampled. In other cases, the disease may be so far advanced that diagnostic features are obscured. Given that one of the major challenges that modern nephrology should face is the identification of biomarkers that are associated with the above. Advancements in the understanding of the pathogenesis of nephrotic syndrome have facilitated the identification of a growing numbers of molecules that might be useful for these objectives. Urine sample for evaluating urinary proteomes seem to be a valuable tool for biomarker discovery and can be collected easily and non-invasively. Some of urinary biomarkers that have been found after podocyte damage include: proteins (podocalyxin, nephrin, podocin, CR1, CD80, synaptopodin, GLEPP-1, mindin, alpha 3 integrin, CD59, and Wilms tumor protein1-WT1), podocyte specific messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) (nephrin, podocin, synaptopodin, podocalyxin, CD2-associated protein-CD2AP, ACTN4-encodes for α-actinin 4, PTPRO-encodes for GLEPP-1, WT1, and B7-1-encodes for CD80), an exosomal transcription factor (WT1), and podocalyxin positive granular structures (PPGS). These biomarkers may be used to identify specific histopathological types of nephrotic syndrome, as well as patients' response to steroids and steroid-resistant or dependent cases. One of these biomarkers is the CD80 molecule, which is a circulating molecule in nephrotic syndrome and can be found in kidney tissue or excreted in the urine. Viral Infections, Bacterial infections, Allergens and T-cell cytokines such as interleukin-13 directly stimulate the podocytes and increase CD80 expression on them which eventually cause podocyte injury. By immunofluorescence studies and CD80 staining in glomerulus of patients with INS or measuring urinary level of CD80, it is possible to diagnose a specific type of nephrotic syndrome. In this article we reviewed different studies have been conducted on the role of CD80 in nephrotic syndrome.

In this study more than 70 articles were reviewed. Papers on nephrotic syndrome of childhood, application of urinary biomarkers in determining the specific histopathological type of INS and prognosis of the patients as well as CD80:CD28 costimulatory pathway have been reviewed. Articles on congenital/infantile nephrotic syndrome, review articles and case reports as well as secondary cases of INS were excluded. The selected articles were from 2002 to 2020.This review has been done by searching in Cochrane, Scholar Google, web of science and PubMed search engines.

CD80 is normally expressed on antigen-presenting cells (APC) or natural killer cells. It functions as a ligand for CD28 and CTLA4 and depending on which ligand it binds to, can regulate immune responses, positively or negatively. CD28 and CTLA4 have opposing effects on T cell stimulation. Activating of CD80-CTLA4 pathway results in down- regulation of the responding T cells. But binding CD80-CD28 on T-cells is an important step for T-cell activation. Recent studies have indicated that podocyte cells in certain circumstances can acquire the phenotype of APC and can be induced to express the CD80 (B7.1) molecule. It has been shown that the expression of CD80 in podocytes is associated with the reorganization of actin molecules in them and can increase their permeability to protein resulting proteinuria. Indeed one of the hypotheses in pathogenesis of MCD is two-hit theory. The initial hit is the induction of CD80 on the podocyte, resulting in actin disruption and increased glomerular permeability and the second hit is sustained podocyte injury due to T cell dysfunction or impaired autoregulation in these patients.Most studies support the role of CD80 as a permeability factor in minimal change nephrotic syndrome (MCD), that was significantly elevated in the active phase of MCD but remained to be normal in the active and remission phases of other types of nephrotic syndrome and in the remission phase of MCD. A recent study has reported that high urinary CD80 excretion might be a biomarker for steroid responsiveness and a predictor for good prognosis in INS.

CD80 molecule can be used as a valuable and non-invasive biomarker to differentiate MCD-relapse from MCD-remission and other glomerulopathies and also predicts steroid responsiveness and good prognosis in patients with nephrotic syndrome and may facilitate discovering of high-risk patients at an early stage and may lead to better treatment selection. Novel therapeutic agents such as Abatacept and Belatacept which are selective T-cell costimulation blocker and directe against CD80, may assist in the stabilization and reconstruction of podocytes in MCD.

The various studies show that cancer is currently one of the leading causes of death in the world. Its spread and high mortality rate is influenced by two factors, age and race. Spirulina platensis is a microalga with biological activities such as antioxidant, immunomodulatory, and anti-inflammatory which nowadays is used to produce nutritional supplements named Phycocyanin. Phycocyanine isolated from Spirulina algae is a non-toxic, water-soluble protein pigment that exhibits antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, and neuroprotective effects. In addition to these health benefits, this pigment has been used in dietary nutritional supplements and natural colorant applications in the food, cosmetic, and biotechnology industries.  Fibrosarcoma is a rare example of soft tissue sarcoma that originates in fibrous tissue, fascia, and tendons in and between muscles. The purpose of this research was  to investigated the effects of Phycocyanin on nitric oxide (NO) levels in the Fibrosarcoma HT1080 tumor cell line.

In this study, Spirulina platensis was obtained from the National Center for Genetic and Biological Resources of Iran, and for its cultivation, Zarok medium was used . The composition of the culture medium (g/l) includes [NaHCO3] 38.0 g, K2 [HPO4] 0.5 g, [NaNO3] 2.5 g, [ K2 SO4] 1.0 g,[ NaCl2] 1.0 g, [MgSO4 +7water ] 0.2 g, [FeSO4 +7 water] 0.05 g and urea 0.2 g in  pH  8.5. After culturing the algae and exposing it to fluorescent light with an intensity of 3500 lux in period of 12 hours of darkness and 12 hours 0f light, and then for  its cultivation the  samples were placed at 29 ° C for 16 days. The specimens were shaken 3 times daily for good algal growth.  After observing the algal crystal, cell masses  were collected. This process was performed using 100 and 20λ filters which are used to separate larger particles and algal masses, respectively.  The collected masses were washed 3 times to eliminate the existence  of the culture medium, and  for drying  the algae  it was put in  a 45 ° C  incubator for 48 hours. After extraction of Phycocyanin, destruction rate of cell with MTT test was used with various concentration of 125, 250, 500, 1000 µg/ml and evaluated on the cell line HT1080. For MTT  Assay, cells  were  harvested   from  exponential-phase maintenance  cultures .  Single-cell   suspensions    were   prepared,    cells   counted using  a  hemocytometer and   then   dispersed   within   replicate   96-well microliter   plates  to  a total  volume  of 200 µl/well. Eight  duplicate  wells were  used  for  each  determination. Plates  were  maintained   at  37°Cin  a humidified   atmosphere   of 90% N2-5%  CO2-5%  O2.  A  24-h  pre incubation    time  was  allowed  prior   to irradiation. To  perform   the  MTT  assay,  culture   medium  was  removed  from  the wells  ensuring   that   the   monolayer   of  cells  was  not  disturbed.   MTT  solution  (100  µl) at  appropriate   concentrations  was then  added  to  each well  and   the   plates   incubated   at   37°C for   2-4   h,  depending    upon individual   cell  line  requirements.   Following   incubation, cells  were  inspected  using  low power  microscopy   to  confirm   reduction of  the   tetrazolium    and   to  assess   confluency   of  the   monolayer.   The remaining   MTT  solution   was  then  removed  and  100 µl of  DMSO   was then  added  to  each  well  to  dissolve  the  formazan   crystals.   Plates  were shaken  for  5 min  on  a plate  shaker  to  ensure  adequate   solubilization. Absorbance  readings  on  each  well were  performed   at  540  nm. A reference wavelength  was not  used  in as much  as  this  made  little  difference  to  the absorbance   readings   obtained.   Control   wells  for  absorbance   readings contained   no  cells  or  medium   but   MTT   solution   was  added   as  per experimental   wells, and  removed  after  incubation,   then  DMSO  was added. All experiments were performed   at  least  three times.  The experimental groups were treated with 125, 250, 500, 1000 µg/ml of Phycocyanin keeping control group intact. HT1080 cells were exposed to 250 μg/ml of  Phycocyanin for 24 hours. Then the supernatant was removed and the NO activity was evaluated HT1080 cells exposed to different concentrations of Phycocyanin using Grease method. In the Grease method, the amount of NO is measured indirectly in such a way that sulfanilic acid was made to  react with nitrite in an acidic solution. This action forms an azo dye that can be measured at a light absorption of 520 to 590 nm.  After measuring NO activity and RNA extraction, iNOS gene expression was evaluated using Real time PCR with  designed primers. Keeping House gene was GAPDH. Data analysis was performed by SPSS18 software. One-way analysis of varience (ANOVA) was used to  compare the data between the groups. 

Cell viability significantly decreased in HT1080 cells exposed to at least 250 μg / ml of Phycocyanin compared with control group. Nitric oxide assay showed that NO concentration significantly increased. iNOS gene expression level significantly increased in HT1080 cells exposed IC50 dose of Phycocyanin .

According to MTT analysis, it could be concluded that amount of NO  after 24h treatments with phycocyanine showed significant discharge in concentration more than 250 μg/ml where toxicity initiated from this concentration. Extracted Phycocyanin from Spirulina algae with more than 250 μg/ml concentration could have anti-cancer effects. Also, the results of the NO release analysis confirmed the above claim. Because the amount of NO secretion after 24 hours of drug treatment showed a significant increase in NO secretion at concentrations above 250 μg / ml, which according to MTT analysis, the toxicity of this drug after this concentration, the drug from a concentration above 250 µg/ml can be effective in inducing anti-cancer effects.
Finally, gene expression analysis was performed which showed that in the drug-treated sample iNOS gene expression was significantly increased compared to the control group (P≤0.001). The studies have shown the iNOS gene expresses a calcium / calmodulin-independent enzyme that can accelerate the production of nitric oxide, it can be concluded that Phycocyanin is involved in inhibiting cancer cells by inducing nitric oxide production.
During treatment with Phycocyanin, cell proliferation as well as the ability of cells to form colonies decreased. The other studies have shown that Phycocyanin induces apoptosis by increasing γ-H2AX levels and altering the Bcl2 / Bax ratio, followed by the release of cytochrome C and increasing Caspase 9 levels. It can be concluded that Phycocyanin can be a capable compound in the treatment of cancer.

The goal of all sports is to maximize the physical and mental strength of the players and eliminate the disruptive factors that may negatively affect the sports performance. Football, like other human activities, is tied to psychological concepts such as anxiety, excitement, stress, aggression, etc., each of which can affect the performance of athletes. Aggression is one of the variables that play a decisive role in competitive sports (1, 2). Violent acts and aggressive behaviors have unfortunately been common in human societies for a long time. Aggression is the perpetration of any verbal or non-verbal behavior that directly or indirectly targets the physical and mental harm of others. According to this definition, violence in the world is the only part that aims to harm others (2, 3). In today's world of sports, physical and tactical abilities and specialized skills alone do not guarantee success. Many athletes do their best in training. However, when it comes to competition, confrontation with competitors, the media and spectators, and other stressful situations, they experience emotional reactions. There are different emotions, including anger, fear, hope, despair, worry, pride, sadness, which express emotional and psychological emotions and related physical symptoms (3). Sports activities are often associated with aggression due to the need to fight and compete. However, aggression is a vague concept that can be defined through various characteristics. Aggression is an interpersonal behavior that seeks to cause physical or mental harm (4). Wrestling is one of the most honorable sports and the so-called first sport in our country, and winning various world and international titles has been able to attract talented young people to the sport of wrestling. Wrestling halls are always full of teenagers and young people who are motivated to walk and practice in the path of the popular heroes of this discipline. However, getting on the path to the championship of this sport is smooth with many difficulties and many wrestlers withdraw from it in the early stages of the championship (4-6). The purpose of this study was to develop a paradigm of aggressive behaviors in competitive events (Case study of Khuzestan wrestling).

The research method is a qualitative case study and the participants were experts and specialists aware of sports. Using purposive sampling method and theoretical saturation technique, key informants (including 12 people) were selected to identify the framework of the aggression behavior model and interviewed. The tool used to identify the factors of the aggression behavior model in a competitive environment, interviews were semi-structured (with focus groups) and documents were studied. To ensure the validity and reliability of the study, the Lincoln and Guba evaluation methods were used. For this purpose, four criteria for this purpose, four criteria of validity (reliability), transferability, reliability and verifiability have been considered for evaluation.

In this study, causal conditions are three categories of competition management, competition conditions and facilities and services. Underlying conditions, electronic equipment factors and security system and atmosphere were also identified. The conditions that need to be considered for better success in the implementation of this process. Interfering conditions have a positive or negative effect on athletes' behavior and variety of refereeing and can disrupt, facilitate, and accelerate the use of violence. In this study, the main factor in creating the process of pattern of aggressive behaviors in competitive events, social, cultural factors and executive factors is considered as a central category. The last part of the model of the pattern of aggressive behaviors in competitive events includes the development of ethics and cultural development and planning.

In this study, there are three categories of competition management, competition conditions and facilities and services that can affect the pattern of aggressive behaviors in competitive events. One of the factors affecting the incidence of violence and aggression is the behavior of athletes. Today in the conditions of competition and sports competition, due to the conditions prevailing in the competition such as doping wrestlers, severe stress of athletes, lack of knowledge of athletes about the rules and regulations, insult or disrespect to the athlete that the athlete may be so tense and Stress that causes irreversible behaviors on the field of play that can harm the athlete and the sports team. The tendency to win or win is a reflection of individual choices and responses during a sporting activity. This is consistent with the findings of Hwang et al. (2019), Spaaij and Schaillée (2019) (15, 16). In this research, the factors of electronic equipment and security system and atmosphere are the main underlying factors. This finding is consistent with the results of research by asiaga-Pasternak et al. (2020), Milovanović et al. (2020) and Lake (2020) (5, 11, 12). Accordingly, the theory of instinctive aggression is internal aggression and a genetic component, and exercise is a suitable and acceptable means to let go of aggression. Interventional terms include more general terms such as time, space, and culture that act as facilitators or limiters of strategies. These conditions work to facilitate or limit interaction / interaction in a particular context. Each of these conditions forms a spectrum whose effects vary from very far too very close. In this study, two categories of athletes' behavior and refereeing diversity are considered as intervening categories. Which is consistent with the research of Chawla  and Singh (2017), Afacan et al. (2017), Cusimano et al. (2016), Gazar and Raziek (2010) (17-20). The central category resulting from causal conditions, social, cultural and executive factors is considered. This finding is consistent with the results of Karimi and Mohammadi (2020), Shokoufeh and Türkmen (2020) (3, 6), The researcher has named the sub-category as determining social and cultural factors and executive factors according to the set of concepts that have been extracted from the interviews and the final codes. The consequences are the same as the outcomes or results of actions and reactions. The pattern of aggressive behaviors in competitive events includes the development of ethics and cultural development and planning. Which is consistent with the findings of Knapton et al. (2018) and Yusoff (2016) (21, 22). Therefore, the following factors can be mentioned as effective factors in preventing and reducing violence: Sports managers should equip the health of the stadiums with modern and suitable facilities and make the spectators comfortable. Audience quotes to consider. Executive officials should pay special attention to the selection of judges. Hold refereeing classes to train referees. Increase media coverage of competitions to promote sports culture.

Boldenone is an androgenic-anabolic steroid with high anabolic and moderate androgenic properties. Although Boldenone has positive effects such as increased skeletal muscle mass (hypertrophy), increased physical function, increased muscle strength and increased production of red blood cells in patients with anemia (4, 5), it has harmful side effects including testicular atrophy. Severe acne, hoarseness, gynecomastia, breast growth and baldness in men (4). In this regard, studies have shown a significant reduction in testicular weight (4) due to the use of Boldenone. Based on the above, researchers are looking for interventions that can prevent the side effects of anabolic-androgenic steroids. In this regard, licorice plant is important in the world due to its important medicinal and nutritional compounds in its roots and rhizomes and has been considered by the pharmaceutical, food and even tobacco industries (8). Licorice is used as an analgesic in skin inflammation and to treat spasms, swelling and rheumatism. Anti-cancer properties, the presence of fat-reducing compounds and flavonoids with strong antioxidant activity have also been reported for this plant (15, 16). Now the question is whether licorice affects the markers of testicular tissue damage or not? Another method that has always been considered by researchers to reduce the negative effects of drugs and supplements is the use of exercise. So far, studies have been conducted to investigate the relationship between exercise and reduce the effects of anabolic-androgenic steroids, including Boldenone, and the positive effects of exercise on sperm production have been shown (17). But what exercise? How severe? And how long it has the greatest impact is a question that has occupied the minds of researchers. However, there is little information about how exercise affects the response of testicular tissue structure when taking Boldenone steroid.

For the present experimental study, 40 8-week-old male rats weighing 20-220 g were selected and divided into 8 groups of 5, including healthy control (without intervention), resistance training (8 weeks of moderate intensity training), and bulldon (receiving 5). Mg Boldenone per kg body weight once a week), Licorice (500 mg / kg body weight three times a week), Boldenone + Licorice (5 mg Boldenone and 500 mg Licorice) Expression), Boldenone, resistance training (5 mg Boldenone and 8 weeks of moderate intensity training), resistance training + licorice (500 mg of licorice and 8 weeks of moderate intensity training) and resistance training + Boldenone + licorice (5 mg Boldenone, 500 mg licorice and 8 weeks of moderate intensity training) were divided. Data were analyzed using three-way ANOVA and Tukey post hoc tests.

The results of analysis of variance showed that there was a significant difference between the mean internal diameter of seminiferous in testicular tissue in different groups (p = 0.0001 and F = 118.8). Tukey post hoc test also showed a significant increase in seminifer internal diameter in the Boldenone alone and Boldenone + resistance training groups compared to the healthy control group (for both p <0.001). While the exercise, exercise + licorice, exercise + Boldenone + licorice (for all groups p <0.001) and Boldenone + licorice (p <0.05) groups were significantly reduced compared to the healthy control group. Compared to the resistance training group, the Boldenone and Boldenone + training groups (for both p <0.001) increased significantly, but the training + licorice group (p <0.01) decreased significantly. Also in comparison with Boldenone group, licorice group (p <0.001), licorice group + Boldenone (p <0.001), Boldenone + training group (p <0.01), Licorice group + training (p <0.001) and group The combination of exercise + Boldenone + licorice (p <0.001) showed a significant decrease in the inner diameter of the seminiferous. Finally, in comparison with the licorice group, the Boldenone + licorice (p <0.05) and resistance training + Boldenone (p <0.001) groups showed a significant increase in the inner diameter of the seminiferous (Figure 1). Another finding of the present study showed that there was a significant difference between the mean outer diameter of the seminiferous tissue in testicular tissue in different groups (p = 0.0001 and F = 118). Also, based on the results of Tukey post hoc test, it was found that the outer diameter of the seminifer decreased compared to the control group in the groups Boldenone (p <0.001), Boldenone + exercise (p <0.05) and the combined group exercise + Boldenone + licorice (p <0.001) Significant and exercise + licorice group (p <0.001) increased significantly. Also, in comparison with Seminifer's outer diameter resistance training group, there was a significant decrease in Boldenone (p <0.001) and combined training + Boldenone + licorice (p <0.001) groups, and in licorice (p <0.05) groups. + Licorice (p <0.001) increased significantly. Finally, in comparison with the Boldenone group, it was found that the outer diameter of the seminiferous increased significantly in the groups of licorice, Boldenone + licorice, Exercise + Boldenone and Exercise + Licorice (Figure 2). Regarding the diameter and thickness of the basement membrane of seminiferous tubules in testicular tissue after 8 weeks, it was found that there was a significant difference between different groups (p = 0.0001 and F = 15.14). The results of Tukey post hoc test showed that in comparison with the healthy control group, the diameter and thickness of the basement membrane of testicular seminiferous tubules in the resistance training groups (p <0.01), Boldenone (p <0.001), licorice (p <0.05) Boldenone + licorice (p <0.001), Boldenone + exercise (p <0.001) and Exercise + licorice (p <0.05) increased significantly. Also, in comparison with the resistance training group and the Boldenon group alone and the other groups, only the combined group showed a decrease in the diameter and thickness of the basement membrane of the seminiferous tubules (p <0.01) (Figure 3).

Various mechanisms have been reported for how exercise works to reduce the effectiveness of Boldenone. In a study conducted by Sadeghi et al. On 30 6-week Wistar series, it was found that 12 weeks of resistance training with Boldenone supplementation increased the expression of 5-alpha reductase and aromatase genes in testicular tissue ( 25). The enzyme 5-alpha reductase plays an important role in target organs such as the male prostate gland by converting anabolic-androgenic steroids to dihydrotestosterone. This enzyme is produced in many tissues, including the reproductive system, including the testicles and ovaries, in both males and females, and one of its specific substrates is testosterone (26). Spermatogenesis activity was also affected by licorice extract so that the diameter of seminiferous tubules and lumen decreased and the thickness of cell wall layers of seminiferous tubules under the influence of licorice extract showed an increasing trend. Increasing the thickness of the cell layers of the seminiferous tubules by the effect of licorice extract can affect the reproductive performance and sperm secretion. The decrease in lumen diameter as well as the increase in the thickness of the wall layers of the seminiferous tubules is probably due to the antioxidant effects of licorice cell extract and the reduction of spermatozoon tissue damage.